BIOL 520 INTRODUCTION

  Diabetes is not a new disease it was first documented in 1550BC in Egypt. Historians believe back then diabetes was used to consider a rare disease. They are closely related to the obesity epidemic in those countries. In fact, type 2 diabetes is said to be a lifestyle disease. A person dies every six seconds from the disease. Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. The worldwide prevalence of diabetes was 2.8% in 2000, and it is expected to increase to 4.4% by 2030. The total number of persons with diabetes worldwide is estimated to increase from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. Diabetes is a collection of multiple metabolic diseases, in which high levels of blood glucose are present over an extended period of time. Most persons with diabetes remain undiagnosed early in the disease process. In most cases, blood glucose levels in persons with diabetes increase with age, leading to heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcer...

  Speciation is the process by which reproductive isolation evolves between populations. The evolution of reproductive isolation is typically a gradual process that occurs along a gradient, starting from a single variable population, continuing to differentiated populations that are still connected by gene flow, and finally ending in distinct and reproductively isolated species . There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric . In  allopatric speciation , groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species due to a period of geographical separation. In sympatric speciation, groups from the same ancestral population evolve into separate species without any geographical separation. In parapatric speciation, two subpopulations of a species evolve reproducti...

  Usually, females tend to be choosier, evaluating morphological and behavioral traits from potential mates to determine which will maximize their fitness. Males tend to compete with one another to gain the female's attention. In the broad-nosed pipefish, males become ‘pregnant’ and care for their embryos until birth. In this scenario, the male is choosier about potential female mates. The female lays her eggs into the male's brood pouch, where they are fertilized. The male incubates the eggs for approximately two weeks before they hatch. He then releases a cloud of tiny, fully formed pipefish from his pouch into the water. Males of pipefishes, seahorses, and seadragons (family Syngnathidae) care for developing embryos on their bodies from mating through to birth. In genera with brood pouches, such as  Syngnathus , the care provided has similarities with mammalian pregnancy, so brooding males are said to be ‘pregnant. Many species exhibit polyandry, a breeding system in whic...